The Hamilton Mixtape by Various Artists free essay sample

Hamilton: An American Musical has surprised youngsters since its Broadway debut in 2015. Lin-Manuel Miranda made this melodic, chronicled sensation-yet did you realize he likewise made The Hamilton Mixtape? This one of a kind joint effort of Miranda and some of todays top craftsmen highlights tunes that Hamilton fans will perceive (Wait For It, Its Quiet Uptown, Burn, ect.) and some selective tunes [Immigrants (We Get the Job Done), Congratulations, An Open Letter, ect.]. The class interchanges all through the collection, just as the vocalist: Alicia Keys murmurs in That Would Be Enough, Sia sets with Miguel and Queen Latifah for Satisfied, Jimmy Fallon even shows up and gives some lighthearted element in Youll Be Back. The sharp verses and clearing creation will make certain to snare any no-nonsense Hamilton fan and somebody simply searching for a pleasant collection the same. Generally speaking, I would propose The Hamilton Mixtape. Among a thoughtful cast of craftsmen, fascinating verses, and getting arrangement, this collection is a genuine bit of craftsmanship. We will compose a custom paper test on The Hamilton Mixtape by Various Artists or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page

Smithfield Foods Company

Smithfield Foods Company Foundation portrayal on Smithfield Foods Company Smithfield Foods Company delivers and makes pork and pork items. It is the biggest pork delivering organization on the planet. The organization was built up in 1936 and the present home office are situated in Virginia. Smithfield Field raises around 14 millions pigs annually.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Smithfield Foods Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization forms around 27 million pigs are every year, to create pork and meat items. Different brand names are utilized in the worldwide markets to speak to the pork and meat items. Smithfield has encountered different difficulties in offering better items in the market. The administration has put forth attempts to improve the presentation of the organization, and to diminish the negative impacts of its exercises (Smithfield Foods site, 2011). The usage of Customer Relationship Management will help improve the exhibition of the organization, both inside and remotely. The difficulties confronting the organization will be settled by introducing and executing eth CRM framework. In any case, the administration ought to have techniques of guaranteeing that the framework is effective in light of the fact that there will be different difficulties to be experienced during the usage procedure (Thomas, 2011). The issues and difficulties confronting Smithfield Foods Company According to Hirsch and Person (2009), Smithfield encounters numerous issues concerning its relationship with clients, representatives, condition gatherings, and different partners in the business. The clients of the organization have grumbled about exploitative procedure forced to the results of the organization. The organization has had the option to overwhelm the worldwide market, and this causes it to force costs discriminatively (Pride Ferrell, 2008). Smithfield has been sued for its poor waste administration rehearses. It was affirmed th at the organization arranges untreated creature squander into conduits. This has influenced the wellbeing gauges of the laborers and the neighboring networks. Instances of awful creature squander odors have been accounted for by the individuals living around the organization (Fainaru, 2009). A fine of $12.6 was given to the organization in 1997 for abusing Clean Water Act. In spite of the endeavors made by the organization to work in a perfect domain, the organization has been asserted to spread pig influenza because of its poor waste administration practices.Advertising Looking for appraisal on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was accounted for that the organization neglected to arrange dead creature bodies, and mutts would expend the remains. Likewise, individuals living around the organization were accounted for to grumble about cerebral pains. In this manner, the flare-up of H1N1 in 1999 wa s connected to the organization (Squier, 2011). The organization has additionally been rehearsing poor creature dealing with. The pigs live in cartons which are excessively little. Also, transportation of the creatures is done inadequately with the end goal that a few creatures wind up passing on in transit. Creature misuse has been accounted for, and this has influenced the interest for the results of the organization. The need to know the wellspring of nourishments found in the market has expanded, and this has made the requirement for clients to look for data about the way toward assembling just as creation of food parts. In that capacity, the treatment of creatures has gotten significant in deciding great practices by producers. This has influenced the market for the items created by Smithfield Foods Company on the grounds that the organization has been misusing creatures (Thomas, 2011). What's more, a large portion of the clients are worried about the government assistance of t he employees’ working conditions. The organization has been sued severally for its poor work environment conditions. The administration of the organization meddles with the tasks of the worker's guild of the representatives. This makes it feasible for the organization to mistreat its workers since it can without much of a stretch control the principles of the association. For instance, in 1994 and 1997, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) sued the Smithfield Foods Company for controlling appointment of the association. The National Labor Relations Board had given order to the administration of the organization to quit meddling with the exercises of the association. In 2006, the administration of the organization neglected to give accounts to directing reasonable decisions at the association. Because of the out of line practices of the organization workers have held a few open shows to fight the conduct of the organization (Bacon, 2008).Advertising We will comp ose a custom appraisal test on Smithfield Foods Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The UFCW called for mass blacklist of Smithfield’ items in 2007 and this influenced buyer recognition about the results of the organization. The battle influenced the picture of the company’s items in the household and worldwide markets. Despite the fact that a consent to stop the blacklist was reached between the UFCW and the organization, the interest for the items from the organization has been influenced because of the poor working states of the organization. Likewise, the picture of the organization has been discolored, and the organization may lose its worldwide piece of the overall industry sooner rather than later. Smithfield has experience different questions which have caused it bring about a ton of fines. For instance, in 2009 the organization was punished $900,000 for taking part in unlawful merger (Pope Treacy, 2011). The advantage CRM will bring to Smithfield Foods Company By embracing Customer Relationship Management (CRM) procedures, the organization will cooperate with clients. This will help recognize the issues that clients may have concerning the items offered by the organization to the market. The organization will distinguish changes in buyer request, and any part of the items that the clients may wish to be included. With the execution of CRM, the clients will have the option to pass on data to the organization. This will assist the representatives with developing items as indicated by the particular needs of the clients. Since the organization has numerous clients, and works in numerous nations, the presentation of CRM will help connect with all clients by setting up fitting data assortment framework (Sunil, Krishnan Fornell, 2005). The CRM framework will enable the organization to distinguish grievances from clients and different partners. By introducing an electronic CRM, the administration of the organization w ill effectively screen the inputs gave by stakeholders.Advertising Searching for appraisal on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Correspondence with significant offices will likewise upgrade the arrangement of suitable solutions for the overall issues. The organization requires utilizing the data acquired from the clients to create procedures of improving the government assistance of its representatives, creatures and to keep up suitable ecological norms (Eugene, Fornell Mazvancheryl, 2004). Creating specially designed items will be conceivable by applying the CRM procedure. The organization will have the option to recognize the particular needs of the clients, and this will be joined in the item plan, execution techniques just as improving the ecological conditions. Thusly, the organization will accomplish higher consumer loyalty, and this will prompt higher benefits being made. Buyer steadfastness will likewise be accomplished when clients are fulfilled (Hennig, 2000). Clients build up a repurchase conduct when they are fulfilled by the items and administrations of a specific organization. The elevated level s of consumer loyalty will help improve the market position of the results of the organization. In that capacity, the organization will accomplish a higher serious situation in the residential and worldwide market. This will help improve the deals made by the organization, and eventually it will have the option to rule the worldwide markets (Asim Mela, 2003). Creating suitable promoting efforts will be conceivable by the utilization of CRM. Smithfield has encountered blacklist crusades against its items before. By applying CRM, the organization will have the option to beat difficulties it experienced in the past where the picture of its items was discolored. The utilization of CRM will kill the negative crusades gave by the UFCW (National Labor Relations Board, 2008). As indicated by Shimp (2010), directing corporate social obligation will be conceivable by applying CRM. The organization has encountered snapshots of poor brand picture in the worldwide picture, and there is have to c reate techniques of advancing the picture of the brands of the organization by leading corporate social obligation exercises. These exercises will help assemble a superior item picture among all shoppers of the company’s items. Recognizing the social needs of the networks where the organization works in will be conceivable by executing the CRM system. The organization can gather data from all partners concerning ventures which are fundamental for improving the status of the networks (Ruth, Kannan, Bramlett, 2000). By leading CSR exercises, the organization will grow better relationship with the networks where it works in, and thi9s will help improve the picture of the organization in the worldwide markets. Meeting the social needs of the networks will help settle a few issues the organization has been looking before. For instance, the test of natural neatness can be managed all the more effectively by assembling networks to help tidy up the conduits. By introducing suitable o ffices to shield the networks from being influenced by the creature waste will likewise help improve the relationship with the neighboring networks. This suggests the organization will create techniques of advancing better condition by gathering informatio

Depression With Mixed Features Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Depression With Mixed Features Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Depression Types Print An Overview of Depressive Disorder With Mixed Features By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids martin-dm / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Coping View All Depressive disorder with mixed features (also referred to as mixed episode, mixed state, or agitated depression?? ) is a mood disorder in which a person has symptoms of both depression and mania or hypomania at the same time.??   When it was first introduced, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder with mixed features (MDD-MX) was met with skepticism?? and remains controversial?? among some researchers and clinicians.   However, in 2013, MDD-MX was included in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and has begun to gain acceptance. Symptoms Researchers have come to believe that mood disorders exist on a continuum from depression to mania;?? pure depression is thought to be much less common and some researchers consider it rare.?? In general, a person who has one of these conditions experiences symptoms across the spectrum but tends to lean more toward one end than the other.  ?? As they are trying to make a diagnosis, your doctor will ask you about where your symptoms typically fall on the spectrum. This will help them distinguish between depression and bipolar disorder. People who have depression with mixed features usually experience mostly depressive symptoms, but may have certain manic symptoms (such as racing thoughts) as well.?? To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, you must have experienced certain symptoms every day for at least the past two weeks or longer.   Classic features of depression include low mood and decreased interest or pleasure in activities you typically enjoy. However, to be diagnosed with depression, you must also have at least four of the following symptoms:?? Fatigue, loss of energy and motivationFeeling worthless, ashamed, or guiltyInability to fall asleep or sleeping too muchTroubling thinking, focusing, and concentratingLosing or gaining weight, eating more or less than usualPsychomotor agitation (pacing, restlessness) or retardation (sluggish thought or movement)Recurrent thoughts of death/dying, suicidal ideation or attempts If your doctor feels you meet the criteria for a diagnosis of depression, the next step will be to determine whether you are also experiencing symptoms of hypomania or mania, such as:?? Elevated moodInflated self-esteemDecreased need for sleepRacing thoughts or flight of ideasBeing talkative or chatty, pressured speechIncreased energy or goal-directed activityParticipation in activities that may feel good at the moment but can have potentially serious consequences (i.e., excessive alcohol use, risky sexual behaviors, impulsive spending, etc.) If you have experienced at least three symptoms of hypomania or mania almost every day for the past two weeks of your current depressive episode, your doctor will add the specifier with mixed features to your depression diagnosis.??   Understanding Mania and Hypomania Causes The specific causes of depression with mixed features are unclear and not well understood.?? As with other types of depression, researchers suspect there are a number of different factors that contribute to the development of the MDD-MX, including an individual’s family history, genetics, environment, and other health conditions.   While MDD-MX can be difficult to diagnose, research has suggested it’s fairly common:?? As many as 25% of people with unipolar depression may have mixed episodes. Since the condition can easily be misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder, the number of people who have depression with mixed features may, in fact, be much higher.??   In the past, differentiating between depression with mixed episodes and bipolar disorder was much more challenging for clinicians.?? Recent updates to diagnostic guidelines that consider the subtleties of each condition have been helpful.?? Continued research into the factors that contribute to depression, such as environmental exposure and genetics, are also giving researchers a better understanding. Why Some People Are More Prone to Depression Diagnosis It can be very challenging to diagnose depression with mixed features. For a long time, mental health professionals were taught that the presence of manic symptoms meant a person had bipolar, rather than unipolar, depression.   While mania or hypomania is still part of the fundamental diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder, it is now also understood that people with depression may also experience these symptomsâ€"albeit to a lesser degree.??   The classic signs and symptoms of major depression may be relatively easy to spot, but subtle episodes of mania or hypomania may go undetectedâ€"both by the person with the condition and the doctors treating them.?? How to Tell If Youve Had a Manic Episode A person with symptoms of hypomania or mania and depression may initially be misdiagnosed with bipolar disorder. While the conditions may look (and at times feel) the same, there are some important distinctionsâ€"especially when it comes to treatment. A correct diagnosis is necessary to ensure someone with either condition is able to access the most effective type of treatment.   Obvious similarities between mixed episodes of depression and bipolar disorder, such as shared symptoms, might be clear to doctors and researchers but these conditions may also share risk factors (like a family history of mental illness).   Doctors must carefully consider all the information as they are formulating a diagnosis, as only looking at symptoms can be misleading.?? The consequences of being diagnosed with the wrong mood disorder can have a major impact on someone’s life.??   According to the DSM-5, the with mixed features specifier can be added to a diagnosis of major depressive disorder to indicate that a person has symptoms of both depression and mania but doesn’t quite meet the diagnostic criteria for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Research has indicated that compared to those with depression, people who experience mixed episodes are more likely to misuse substances?? and are at an increased risk for suicide?? â€"yet another reason why getting a correct diagnosis is important.   Treatment After being diagnosed with depressive disorder with mixed features, your doctor or psychiatrist will discuss treatment options with you. The first option may be therapy, medication, or both. Though there are similarities between depression with mixed features and bipolar disorder, the two conditions can differ quite a bit in how they respond to treatmentâ€"especially medications.?? It’s important to know that this form of depression may not respond wellâ€"or at allâ€"to treatment with antidepressant medications alone.?? It’s also important to know that a diagnosis of depressive disorder with mixed features in and of itself is a significant risk factor for eventually developing bipolar disorder.?? When you and your doctor are creating a treatment plan, you will need to consider this risk.   To help with manic symptoms, your doctor may also prescribe an atypical antipsychotic such as:   Saphris (asenapine)Latuda (lurasidone)Zyprexa (olanzapine)Seroquel (quetiapine)Geodon (ziprasidone) You may also be given a mood stabilizer like lithium or Depakote (divalproex) instead of, or in addition to, an antidepressant. Small studies in people with depression and mixed episodes have demonstrated that these medications may be helpful when given in doses lower than would be used for bipolar disorder.??   Some people who have depression with mixed features have trouble sleeping or feel especially agitated during periods of mania/hypomania. Your doctor may prescribe  sedatives to help with these symptoms, such as: Valium (diazepam)Xanax (alprazolam)Ativan (lorazepam)Klonopin (clonazepam) Even if you are taking more than one medication, it may not be enough to effectively help manage symptoms of depression with mixed features.?? You may need to implement other types of treatment as well, such as psychotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Coping For people who have MDD-MX, both the process of getting diagnosed and the demands of managing symptoms can become frustrating and overwhelming. If you have recently been diagnosed or are working with a doctor or mental health professional because you suspect you may have depressive disorder with mixed features, it’s important that you have the support you need.??   Begin to build your network of support with those around you at home, such as family members and friends, then reach out to your community (such as a church group or volunteer organization).   You may want to find specific support groups (in-person, online, or both) for people with depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders.   If you’re not sure where to start, ask your doctor, psychiatrist, or therapist if they can point you toward local resources. You can also use the internet to search for social networks, forums, and patient advocacy networks. The Best Online Resources for Depression A Word From Verywell If you have depression with mixed features, you may share some experiences with someone who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. However, the conditions have some key differences that both you and your mental health care team need to be aware ofâ€"especially when deciding on treatment.  ?? The process can be frustrating, particularly if you are initially misdiagnosed with another mood disorder and not given a treatment that works well for you. That’s why it’s important to do your best to create and maintain a network of support around you.   Can Depression Turn Into Bipolar Disorder?

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Psychology Assessing Infants and Young Children - 2086 Words

Assessing Infants and Young Children Since the beginning of psychoanalytic theory and investigation into the psychology of children, scientists and researchers have wondered how best to assess infants and young children in order to determine the intelligent and potential social and emotional level of the child in question. Lev Vygotsky was one of the first sociologists and psychologists exclusively interested in the study of child development and in the exploration over which education techniques would best serve children. Since the publication of his theories in the middle of the 20th century regarding child development and the importance of interaction, many have experimented with assessing the validity of his arguments regarding young children. Researchers have mostly examined his theory on the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding wherein the childs base knowledge is used to determine the next step in their education. Two such investigations were conducted by Julia Chandra in 2008 and G.G. Kravsov in 2010, wherein each person performed a psychological experiment which tested the effectiveness of Vygotskys theories regarding development and his promotion of dynamic assessment. Although Vygotskys theories and methodologies are still useful in the present educational climate, the current aims of education require the modification of some of these principles. For example, education in the modern era is now more concerned with the acquisition of knowledge andShow MoreRelated Developmental Psychology Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pages Developmental Psychology Attachments in Developments =========================== Developmental psychology is concerned with how our cognitions, emotions and behaviour change as we grow with age and experience. Babies, only a few months old develop close bonds called attachment bonds with some people in particular. These people are able to settle the child, if upset, more easily than others and the baby will become upset if separated from the attachment objectRead MoreEssay about The Importance and Intricacies of Sleep990 Words   |  4 Pagesdrastic change of the baby’s sleeping pattern. Infants do not sleep throughout the night since they have not yet developed a sleep cycle yet (Lampl). Infants sleep from 12-18 hours a day. In a study done to 46 infants it showed that the infant first sixteen weeks of life there was a decrease of the total hours of sleep the infant received per day. When infants sleep it is important to take notice that the non-supine position is a risk for sudden infant death syndrome (Smylie). Sleeping can affectRead MoreSample Undergraduate Psychology Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesSAMPLE UNDERGRADUATE PSYCHOLOGY ESSAY NB This is not a perfect essay. It was graded at 60% (A 2.1) and the bibliography is missing! Drawing on Freudian and Attachment Theories assess the Relationship between early years experiences and criminality. Psychological theories have attempted to explain the reasons for and how criminality occurs. The psychoanalytic perspective involves two major theories - Freuds theory of the Sexual Stages of Development and the Theory of Attachment purposed by BowlbyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Adult Attachment Classification and Symptoms of Depression1652 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between adult attachment classification and symptoms of depression. By assessing adult attachment classifications in this study it is proposed it will identify individuals at risk to depressive symptoms and help in gaining a better understanding of the types of treatment interventions that may be most effective given an individual’s attachment style. One hundred undergraduate students will complete two online questionnaires eachRead MoreWhat Is Considered too Advanced for Toddlers? Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagessame education to all children, regardless if they are more advanced than the rest of their peers. The educational material and tools such as toys, books and games that are used in the classrooms to educate children has been predetermined by a board of educators, but what happens when a child is too advanced for the educational tools or materials being used in that grade and when is it appropriate to give the child more advanced educational tools to use? Because some children are more advanced thanRead MoreCelebrities Provide Poor Role Models for Children1044 Words   |  5 PagesCelebrities provide poor role models for children. The purpose of this essay is to discuss celebrity role models and their influence positively or negatively on children. Throughout the world celebrities are role models to many people. Nauta and Kokaly (1999) define role models as â€Å"other person’s who, either by exerting some influence or simply by being admirable in one or more ways, have an impact on another†. In these modern times of excessive media coverage and the easy access of the WorldRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : An Important Aspect Of Many Professions772 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessions, especially ones based in science. Psychologists base their work on the science of psychology and follow a code of ethics, part of that code is competence. The practices used by psychologists need to be based on scientific research that has been peer reviewed. This helps the psychologists avoid making mistakes by using practices that could be harmful or that do not work. Identifying and assessing evidence-based practices before you implement them is very important (USDHHS). It is easyRead MorePsychological Assessment5471 Words à ‚  |  22 PagesEmirates A Discussion on Psychological Assessment in Early Childhood. ASSIGNMENT 03 – PYC4807 – STUDENT NUMBER 30440351 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. Reasons for Assessing Young Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Tests for Infants and Preschoolers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 4 5 4. Factors of Childhood Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 4.1 Characteristics of the Child†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4.2 Social Context of Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Journal Of Traumatic Stress1838 Words   |  8 PagesConnie Shotts CA301 In the Journal of Traumatic Stress, the article â€Å"Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed to Family Violence and Other Potentially Traumatic Events† by Cindy A. Crusto of Yale University School of Medicine, Melissa L. Whitson of the University of New Haven, Sherry M. Walling of Fresno Pacific University, Richard Feinn of the University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center, Farmington, Stacey R. Friedman of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education andRead MoreCyp 3.2 Promote Young Person and Child Development Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesCYP 3.2 Promote Young Person and Child Development Be able to assess the development needs of children and young people and prepare a development plan What are the most relevant factors to be aware of when assessing a child or young person’s development? All children and young people are different and have different needs. Similarly, a family’s ability to respond to and meet all their needs may also differ. In some circumstances, professional assessment may be required to identify strengths and

Western Education Romans Free Essays

ED 6000 Philosophical Foundations in Education Beginning Questions ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? 2-3 sentence responses foundation of your philosophy paper reflects your current stance/belief 30 minutes keep a copy for your final personal philosophy paper Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 Now this is the commandment, the statutes and the judgments which the LORD your God has commanded me to teach you, that you might do them in the land where you are going over to possess it, so that you and your son and your grandson might fear the LORD your God, to keep all His statutes and His commandments which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be prolonged. Scriptural Focus Deut. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Education Romans or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6:1-9 Israel, you should listen and be careful to do it, that it may be well with you and that you may multiply greatly, just as the LORD, the God of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and honey. Hear, O Israel! The LORD is our God, the LORD is one! Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. These words, which I am commanding you today, shall be on your heart. You shall teach them diligently to your sons and shall talk of them when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way and when you lie down and when you rise up. Scriptural Focus Deut. 6:1-9 You shall bind them as a sign on your hand and they shall be as frontals on your forehead. You shall write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Big Ideas: ! ? ! ? ! ? What are the enduring principles that have stood the test of time? To what extent are the principles being applied in today s classrooms? List the big ideas that you have experienced in today s classrooms and or those that should, from your perspective, be a part of current educational practice. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Hebrews ! ? ! ? longest recorded western history teaching of religion and moral training A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Greeks ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? city-state civilization based on slavery achieve elegant leisure ignity of the citizen letters, music, gymnastics conscripted military service A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Romans ! ? ! ? ! ? patricians, plebeians, freed men and slaves piety, courage, honesty, dignity, sobriety A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Christian ! ? ! ? ! ? change of heart attain peace and growth in body, mind, and spirit underground schools ! ? A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCA TION Renaissance (New Birth) ! ? ! ? Seven Liberal arts ! ? trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic ! ? quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Renaissance Man da Vinci ! ? oastfulness, individualism and a resentment toward authority A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Reformation (1500-1750) ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? educated class advocated reform Germany-moral indignation England-remove wealth from the church Geneva-strictly theologicals England became largely Protestant back to the basics grammar/spelling Inquisition court of heresy Heliocentrism (Copernicus) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1627) ! ? developmental stages ! ? infant, child, youth, adult ! ? Orbis Pictus 1653-54 – the first picture book for school children A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? The purpose of education is that which every gentleman desires for his sons, virtue, wisdom, breeding and learning. I place virtue as the first and most necessary. I put learning last, especially if I tell you I think it the least part. Some Thoughts Concerning Education, p. 147. John Locke (1632-1704) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION John Locke (1632-1704) ! ? ! ? Tabula Rasa ! ? There would be no problem, †¦ if the human intellect were even, and like a fair sheet of paper with no writing on it. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION United States Old Deluder Satan Act (Massachusetts 1647) ne chief project of the old deluder, Satan, to keep men from a knowledge of the Scriptures, as in former times by keeping them in an unknown tongue, so in these latter times by persuading from the use of tongues†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION †¦. it is therefore ordered, that every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord hath increased their number t o fifty thousand, shall then forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children as shall resort to him, to write and read, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Enlightenment Revolution (1750-1830 ! ? Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) ! ? Romanticism ! ? Emile ! ? On Education ! ? The Social Contract A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) ! ? ! ? The child will come to understand the world through creative play facilitated by the use of geometric objects (labeled by Froebel as gifts ) in which pure form is dominant. 1840 Pedagogics of the Kindergarten A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ! ? 1896 University of Rome s first woman physician graduate ! 1912 Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy ! ? If one fails to learn, there is a natural punishment that takes place as a loss of the consciousness of our own power and greatness, which constitute the quality of manhood. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Maria Montessori (1870-1952) ! ? ! ? ! ? The classroom must be a prepared environment The classroom must always contain stimulating apparatus, objects, toys, and literature in order to capture the child s inner drives to be active. sensitive periods A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ! ? ! ? ! ? ? psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist Progressivism moral relativism applied evolutionary theory to ! ? biology ! ? geology ! ? anthropology A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? John Dewey (1859-1952) ! ? Morality is learned within a social context by observing appropriate rules, which emerge from shared experience. ! ? Values are defined through use of the scientific method as one selects a choice of action and how it will effect self, others, the community, and the environment. A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION Catholic Church (1929) ! ? Every method of education founded, wholly or in part, on the denial or forgetfulness of original sin and grace, and relying on the sole powers of human nature, is unsound†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? †¦Such, generally speaking, are those modern systems bearing various names which appeal to a pretended self-government and unrestrained freedom on the part of the child, and which diminish or even suppress the teacher s authority and action, attributing to the child an exclusive primacy of initiative, and an activity independent of any higher law, natural or divine, in the work of his education. Catholic Church (1929) A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Scientific or Logical Positivism (1950-1967) ! ? ! ? ! ? purpose of education national development stand against the threat of communism ! ? U. S. Department of Education ! ? ! ? ! ? President Jackson signed legislation that created the first Department of Education in1867 (non-cabinet level) that lasted less than a year President Charter signed Public Law 96-88 The Department of Education Organization Act in 1979 Reagan established it as a cabinet-level agency in 1981 A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) ? ! ? ! ? operant behavior teaching machines Beyond Freedom and Dignity A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? Multiculturalism Private Schools (1980-1990) ! ? Mortimer Adler (1982) ! ? ! ? ! ? The Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto liberal, non-specialized education without electives or vocational classes three purposes ! ? ! ? ! ? use leisure time well earn their living ethically teac h people to be responsible citizens in a democracy ! ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ! ? ! ? ! ? National Commission of Excellence in Education The Imperative For Educational Reform If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves†¦ A HISTORY OF WESTERN EDUCATION ! ? †¦We have even squandered the gains in student achievement made in the wake of the Sputnik challenge. Moreover, we have dismantled essential support systems which helped make those gains possible. We have, in effect, been committing an act of unthinking, unilateral educational disarmament. A Nation at Risk (1983) ! ? A Nation at Risk (1983) ? ! ? ! ? ! ? strengthen graduation requirements five new basics: English, mathematics, science, social studies, and computer science adopt higher and measurable standards for academic performance significantly increase time students spend engaged in learning Strengthen the teaching profession through higher standards for preparation and professional growth ! ? A HISTORY OF WEST ERN EDUCATION ! ? Standards (1998-present) ! ? ! ? ! ? ! ? Academic Content Standards for Students No Child Left Behind Academic Performance Indicator (API) scores National Board for Professional Teaching Standards How to cite Western Education Romans, Papers

Sustainability Reporting for Generating Transparency

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Reporting for Generating Transparency. Answer: Introduction A sustainability reporting is a report of an organization, which provides various data and information regarding the social, environmental, economic and governance performance. Therefore, it can be said that it is important for every firm to prepare sustainability report as it helps to improve the green initiatives of a firm and also assists to determine the relationship of the particular organization with its customers and investors (DesJardins and McCall, 2014). Moreover, this report detects whether the demand of the stakeholders of the firm aligns with the firms objectives or not and transparency as well as accountability is also maintained. In this report, sustainability reporting of two Australian firms i.e. BHP Billiton and Wesfarmers Limited have been analyzed and compared in detail in order to identify the current state of sustainability reporting. Moreover, case study analysis has been performed and finally based on the findings and outcomes, conclusion has been drawn and re commendations have been suggested. Company Background BHP Billiton It is a public company listed in ASX (Australian Securities Exchange) as BHP and is headquartered in Melbourne. It is considered as the largest mining, petroleum and metals firm across the world as per the market value of 2015 and is regarded as the 4th largest firm by revenue in Australia (Bhpbilliton.com, 2017). Wesfarmers Limited It is also a public company listed in ASX as WES, which was established in 1914 and is headquartered in Perth, Australia (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2017). It is a conglomerate industry that deals with chemicals, coal mining, fertilizers, retail, safety and industrial products. This is regarded as the largest company by revenue in 2015 in Australia and it employs around 230000 employees across the world (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2017). Current State of Sustainability Reporting Project Aim The intention of this report is to explore the sustainability reporting of both the firms BHP Billiton and Wesfarmers Limited and to measure it with the objectives of the strategic integration of sustainability. Therefore, this report will help to make the engagement platform between the firms and its stakeholders better and thus the reporting can also be improved. Based on the sustainability governance, the operations of the firms are assessed to understand the process by which both the organizations manage their sustainability (Horngren et al., 2013). The present sustainability of both the corporations will be studied and analyzed based on four aspects of governance of sustainability. These include communication, commitment, leadership and implementation. Moreover, the score of these four aspects i.e. the rating like below average, average and above average will help to analyze the present situation of the firms regarding its sustainability reporting. Additionally, it can be said that these ratings will also help to conclude the present state of sustainability reporting of the organizations and will also assist to recommend the firms regarding this. Case Study Analysis: BHP Billiton and Wesfarmers Limited BHP Billiton According to the sustainability reporting of the firm for the year 2016, it has been found that the value of the business involves integrity, accountability, performance, respect, simplicity and sustainability. BHP Billiton develops and bears social, environmental and economic value. From detailed analysis, it has been found that these values serve the firm with various competitive advantages. Moreover, the sustainability framework of the organization includes risk management as well as sustainable development and these way out the process by which the investment policy is implemented within the local communities and host country. As per Deegan (2013), the sustainability report of the particular firm is directly associated with the operated assets. The specified organizations shares stewardship regarding the environment, monetary development and local cultures. The sustainability governance is greatly operated by the firms rules, which are linked to environmental, safety, community a nd health impacts. BHP Billiton founds to comply with the rules, regulations and policies of the country, where the business is operated. In the particular organization, the OMC (Operations Management Committee) are responsible for taking main decision about the sustainability governance (Edwards, 2013). The sustainability governance and its maintenance is considered as an important factor as for daily operations and management of the corporation. It has been found that BHP Billiton is inhabited by the formal governance structure and technological exchanges. BHP Billitons sustainability framework gets priority to the determination and management of the material risks, which are incorporated in various business processes, functions and actions. Internal auditing appraises the design as well as operational effectiveness of the firms sustainability procedure yearly and these procedures are HSEC data and HSEC data (Henderson et al., 2015). These assess the firms sustainability reporting . However, BHP Billiton, has different objectives of sustainable development and from the following screenshot this can be better understood: According to the sustainability report of the firm for the year 2016, the particular organization continues to develop values for future actions. On the other hand, the firm assigns the management of the community and the environmental influence proactively. This can be differentiated into people, sourcing, community, environment and governance. The firm creates value for its investors, staffs and communities. Wesfarmers believe in value creation (especially, the long-term) and provides it to the communities in an accurate way. Moreover, the firm commits to minimize its carbon footprint and intends to deliver possible solutions through the process of helping the clients as well as the entire community (Bebbington and Larrinaga, 2014). Therefore, this aids in developing the performance of the firm to a large extent. Moreover, the firm has developed transparency in its operations, particularly in the field of supply chain management. It has been found that the particular corporation m ainly focuses on the ethical sources, such as transparency in the supply chain. Additionally, this strengthens the association with the suppliers of the firm by making sure the operational actions of the firm. Furthermore, the corporation intends to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by about 2 % in future (Hribar, Kravet and Wilson, 2014). Findings and Results BHP Billiton Based on the detailed study of the sustainability report of BHP Billiton for the year 2016, it has been found that there are various issues regarding material sustainability in the firm. In addition to these, the intention of the corporation is to detect and retort all problems of material sustainability in order to deliver the strategies of the organization efficiently. BHP Billiton is currently striving for managing its accountability towards the employees safety. In addition to these, the firm targeted to develop its overall recordable grievance incidence on an annual basis (Christensen et al., 2015). However, from detailed study, it can be said that the improvement rate is minor for the firm. BHP Billiton targeted to donate 1 % of the total pre-tax profits to the local as well as national economies and community programs (Morales, 2017). However, from the report, it can be said that the percentage of profit of the corporation started to decline constantly. Moreover, the firm aime d to deduce and control the emission of greenhouse gases from the operations and regulations of the corporation, but the firm failed to maintain it in the earlier year. Furthermore, the organization has not performed any kind of important events regarding saving of society, environment and ecosystem on an annual basis. Additionally, BHP Billiton has not performed any significant events about community, therefore, the particular corporation should put much emphasis on the wellbeing of society, community and environment for the betterment of the business operation with the aim to run it successfully. Wesfarmers Limited The sustainability report of the firm for the year 2016 reveals that despite of enormous effort regarding development of this report and constant work on decrease in waste removal and water usage, Wesfarmers finds it hard to control, obtain and maintain business growth. It has been found that the management department of the organization Wesfarmers Limited is entrusted to proactively control and manage the overall society for influencing the environment. The operations of the firm are mainly concerned and adhered to ten various principles, which can be linked to the issues of company sustainability. Moreover, these can be distinguished as material aspects for the overall group. Nonetheless, it has been found that the management department of Wesfarmers persistently flourish to provide a safer work environment for its employees by enhancing the magnitude of safety presentation and to consider proposals for decreasing the numbers of damages within the corporation (Hoyle, Schaefer and D oupnik, 2015). However, the assessment of Wesfarmers sustainability reporting is concerned with the divulgement of the fact that it might improve the safety program and safety performance. Conclusion Based on the above study, it can be can be said that this study assists to gain an overall view about various theories and concepts of governance of sustainability with particular direction to the pronouncement of BHP Billiton and Wesfarmers Limited. The study gives an overall outlook of several theories of sustainability reporting and the significance of the observance with the commands that are led down as per the standards of accounting. Moreover, the significance of sustainability reporting has been explained in detail through the help of case study analysis of both the corporations. In addition to this, it can be said that this particular analysis illustrates the need and importance of preparing sustainability reporting in detail for both the organizations and have also been compared accurately for better understanding. Lastly, it can be said that this report helps in addressing various problems in the company operation depending on all the findings and outcomes of the case stud y. References Bebbington, J. and Larrinaga, C., 2014. Accounting and sustainable development: An exploration.Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(6), pp.395-413. BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company. 2017. BHP Billiton. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://www.bhpbilliton.com Christensen, H.B., Lee, E., Walker, M. and Zeng, C., 2015. Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption?.European Accounting Review,24(1), pp.31-61. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015.Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Hribar, P., Kravet, T. and Wilson, R., 2014. A new measure of accounting quality.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), pp.506-538. Morales, M.P.E., 2017. Important Announcement.EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education,13(5), pp.1377-1409. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. 2017. 2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 3 January 2017, from https://2015.sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au

Biological therapies phobic disorders free essay sample

One biological therapy for phobic disorders is chemotherapy. Drug therapies include Anti-Anxiety drugs, Beta blockers and Antidepressants. They aim to alter abnormal behaviour by intervening directly in bodily processes (helps with the symptoms). Those that experience psychological problems or show disturbed behaviour patterns go to their family doctors. The first line of treatment is medical. Drug therapies are most common for treatment for phobias. An example is anti-anxiety drugs which treat phobias by reducing anxiety levels. Benzodiazeopines (BZs) slow down the activity of the central nervous system by enhancing the activity of GABA, a neurotransmitter that has a general quieting effect on many of the neurons in the brain. It does this by locking into GABA receptors on the outside receiving neurons, which opens a channel to increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron. Chloride ions make it harder for the neuron to be stimulated by other neurotransmitters, thus slowing down its activity and making the person feel more relaxed. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological therapies phobic disorders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page BZs have been shown effective. For example Kahn et al (1986) found that BZs were better than just using a placebo treatment, which suggests they have some pharmacological value, and Hildago et al (2001) found that BZs had better results than SSRIs. A second example is beta blockers (BBs) which are used to reduce the activity of adrenaline and noradrenaline which are part of the sympathomedullary response to stress. Beta Blockers bind to receptors on the cells of the heart and other parts of the body that are usually stimulated during arousal. By blocking these receptors, it is harder to stimulate cells in these parts of the body, so the heart beats slower and with less force, and the blood vessels do not contrast as easily. This results in a fall in blood pressure, and so less stress on the heart. The person taking the medication will feel calmer and less anxious. Research has also shown that BBs can be effective treatment for phobias. For example, Liebowitz et al (1985) demonstrated that BBs provide an effective means of anxiety control. Kindt et al (2009) found that BBs also suppress memory and suggest in particular that they may interfere with the emotional content of memories. Therefore, an additional advantage is that BBs lead to forgetting of fearful memories that would reduce subsequent anxiety in the same situation. However some studies have shown that the benefits may be largely explained in terms of placebo effect. For example Turner et al found no difference between a BB and placebo group in terms of reduced heart rate, feeling of nervousness etc. In terms of appropriateness, a limitation is that addiction can be a problem for BZs, even when low doses are given, they should only be given for a maximum of four weeks (Ashton ,1997). Drugs can’t provide a complete treatment as they focus on symptoms not causes. This may lead to symptoms substitution because the real cause isnt dealt with and a new set on symptoms may appear. A second issue is side effects. BZs in particular are linked to problems such as increased aggressiveness and long term impairment of memory. BZs have also been linked to addiction. Finally there is an issue of informed consent because patients are not always informed about the fact that drugs may not actually be much better than placebos. Therefore, they are not giving truly informed consent. When considering appropriateness it is also relevant to think of the strengths of drug therapies. They offer an easy solution for patients, requiring little effort. And some drug treatments (such as BBs) have fewer problems with, for example, side effects and addiction. So not all drug treatments have the same limitations. Another biological therapy for phobic disorders is psychosurgery. Psychosurgery is a surgical intervention that aims to treat a behaviour for which no pathological cause can be established. In the case of psychosurgery it is believed that an area of the brain is malfunctioning, and if the connection to this part of the brain is severed, then psychological symptoms may be relieved. An example of psychosurgery is capsulotomy and cigulotomy which are two operations performed to treat anxiety disorders. They functionally remove the capsule and the cigulum which are both part of the limbic system which is the area of the brain associated with emotion. Such operations are irreversible and are only performed as a last resort. A second example is deep brain stimulation (DBS) which involves placing wires in target areas of the brain. It involves no destruction of tissue although the wires are permanent. They wires are attached to a battery and when this is switched on it interferes with the brain circuits in the region of the capsule and cigulum, resulting in a reduction of symptoms. Research support for the effectiveness of psychosurgery comes from Ruck et al (2003). Ruck studies 26 patients who had been suffering from non-obsessive anxiety disorders for over 5 years and has experienced considerable reduction in their psychological functioning and had tried numerous treatment options. After a capsulotomy was performed, assessments were conducted and followed up again a year later. The mean pre-operative anxiety score started at 22. 0 but dropped to 4. 6 indicating a successful outcome showing that psychosurgery, (capsulotomy in particular) is effective. However, the negative symptoms were greater than expected. For example, seven patients attempted to commit suicide after the surgery and there were two recorded cases of epileptic seizures. The researchers concluded that while capsulotomy may be effective, it is expensive and has the potential for extremely adverse effects. Therefore any benefits clearly have to be weighed against the potential for negatives. Further to this, psychosurgery is rarely suitable for phobias and then only for extreme cases that have proved otherwise untreatable, and that interfere with normal day to day functioning. Szasz (1978) criticised psychosurgery generally because a person’s psychological self is not something physical and therefore it is illogical to suggest that it can be operated on. This shows that because everyone is individual and unique, their mind is intangle and not interactive, so it is not always appropriate to use psychosurgery. Lastly, the use of psychosurgery can be applied to the real world. Research has suggested that it may be possible to erase fearful memories, which could be a useful method of treating phobias. For example, Stehberg et al. (2009) have blocked memory consolidation in rats using a form of deep brain stimulation, and suggest this could lead to a novel treatment of a traumatic memory that underlie anxiety disorders. Further to this, Kindt et al. (2009) found that giving beta blockers to patients during an experiment resulted in a reduced fear response while placebos did not give the same reaction. This shows that that the use of biological therapies is effective in treating phobias.

Cannery Rowbyby John Steinbeck.

Cannery Rowbyby John Steinbeck. Textual AnalysisCannery RowJohn Steinbeck studied writing from time to time at Stanford between 1920 and 1925, but never graduated. He later moved to New York, where he did manual labor and worked as a journalist. While he was there, he wrote his first two novels, which were unsuccessful. However, Steinbeck was considered one of the great American novelists of the 20th century. After World War II, Steinbeck's work became more sentimental, especially in his piece, Cannery Row. This book was a depiction of the lives of people who had many hardships, yet were able to seek out the true values in life. It took place in the time of prosperity after World War II; nevertheless, the people of Monterey, California were living and thinking as though it was still the Great Depression. In trying to make their lives better, these people relied on one of the main characters, Doc, for guidance.English: Own Work. 2007. National Steinbeck Centre...In Steinbeck's novel, Doc helped others, and in return , they attempted to help him, even though they were not as successful. Besides these faithful acts, John Steinbeck's setting, conflicts, and characters gave the story a unique style and perspective.Since there was no central plot, Steinbeck focused on the setting to carry the reader through the book. The fixture that was a major contrast to the rest of the book was in the early morning in Cannery Row. This was the time of day when everything seemed to have a touch of magic. The whole district looked as if it had a hue of silver upon it. "It [was] the hour of the pearlthe interval between day and night when time [stopped] and examined itself." (Steinbeck. 78) Barely anyone was out, which made the neighborhood feel more deserted than usual. Furthermore, the streets showed...

Demerests Knowledge Management Model and Others Research Paper

Demerests Knowledge Management Model and Others - Research Paper Example The Knowledge Category Model categorises knowledge into discrete elements. The most renowned of these models is the model by Nonaka and Takeuchi, The Knowledge Spiral Model. In this model, there are some assumptions that have been made. The first assumption is that tacit knowledge can be transferred to others and become their tacit knowledge through the process of socialisation. The second assumption is that through externalisation, tacit knowledge can become explicit knowledge. The third assumption is that through internalisation, explicit knowledge can be converted to tacit knowledge. The fourth and the last assumption is that combination helps in making our explicit knowledge of the explicit knowledge of others. Another model in this category is that of Boisot, 1998. There are four characteristics of this model when knowledge is codified and un-diffused than it is propriety knowledge, it is basically on a need to know basis. The second characteristic is that when knowledge is un-c odified and un-diffused it is a piece of personal knowledge. The third type of knowledge according to this model is public knowledge and this is codified and diffused. The last type of knowledge is common sense. The second category of Knowledge Management is Intellectual Capital Models. The model assumes that intellectual capital can be broken down into two categories: human capital and organisational or structural capital. The third category of Knowledge Management is Socially Constructed Models. In this model, knowledge is linked with the social and learning process of the organisation.  

Module Four Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module Four Assignment - Essay Example Further examination would provide the benefit of the doubt and confidence for the company in order to prevent unscrupulous steps toward hasty accusations and figure if reasonable grounds exist in justifying the case whether under Laura’s favor or otherwise. Additionally, Jeremy should consider having to consult the organization’s policies and seek counsel of the knowledgeable administration in the presence of all appropriate documents consisting of solid evidences which either confirm or nullify the deed in direct reference to falsification of employment information. Regardless of Laura’s current traits and working performance as an employee, however, Jeremy must keep in mind that in any context, both intention and action of an applicant to falsify his or her personal information duly agreed and signed to be disclosed under legal professional requirements by the employer is a grave offense. It should be understood to full measure as well that prevailing work conditions that take into account Laura’s remarkable professional attributes are by no means related to any mild or heavy offense committed by her during the stage of application. As a consequence, Jeremy ought to express in all honesty to Laura the truth regarding the company’s right to dismiss any employee found to have advanced deception and serious dishonesty on purpose. Breaking it slowly to her, Jeremy may first opt to establish a hint from which to initiate the conference with Laura so that the latter comes into a gradual and rational discernment of the delicate situation rather than struggle with the moment of abrupt revelation. Eventually, this gives opportunity for Laura to explain her side of the incident and realize in the process the gravity of her fault that deserves the equivalent sanction of dismissal from work. On the other hand, Jeremy must not fail to communicate to Laura how the company has

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist or free market economy which is based on the notion of competition. Varying degrees of competition ultimately lead to different market structures with different outcomes to the market. The main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, each with a different outcome to the market which leads economists to consider some market structures to be more desirable for the society such as perfect competition while others are less desirable such as Monopoly. It is often argued that monopoly restricts competition through entry barriers and therefore should be forbidden. This is supported by a strong case against monopoly as it restricts consumer choice and prevents small innovative businesses from being established. In addition, a monopoly will produce at a lower output and charge higher prices than a competitive market, with the same cost structure. This leads to a loss of economic welfare and efficiency. However, if monopolies are always assumed bad then questions of why firms seek to be monopolies and why governments accept or tolerate monopolistic firms will rise. In theory monopoly is a market with only one seller that dominates and sets price and quantity of the good. The markets demand curve is the firms demand curve and it is assumed that there are no substitutes and thus a firm is a price-maker that is motivated by profit maximisation and is supported by restrictive barriers to entry of the market that subsequently prevents competition. In reality it is hard to find a market in which some form of substitute firm or product does not exist. Therefore, the Competition Commission in the UK defines a market as a monopoly if there is a firm possessing over a 25% market share and facing no significant competition. In order to evaluate monopoly and to determine whether it should be allowed or not, it is vital to understand the characteristics of monopoly and to apply various efficiency concepts such as productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and X-efficiency to both extremes of the market structure, perfect competition and monopoly, to understand their effect on both consumer and producer surplus in the form of households and firms which consequently affect the general economic welfare. 2.0 Characteristics of Monopoly There are various characteristics of monopoly but it is mainly distinguished from other market structures by its barriers to entry. These barriers are a variety of obstacles or boundaries that prevent other firms from breaking into the monopolistic firms market, thus allowing the monopolistic firm to maintain its monopoly and therefore continue to earn supernormal profits. Sloman (2010) suggests that barriers to the entry of new firms are a must for an existing firm to maintain its monopoly position. There are a number of entry barriers that would exist in a market in different forms such as economies of scale, economies of scope, legal patents, licences, product differentiation and high start-up costs. Economies of scale are considered as one major barrier, this occurs when a reduction in unit costs depends on the output size. In such case, a large firm is most efficient and new firms cannot afford to enter the market and gain market shares. The industry may not be able to accommodate more than one producer which is known as natural monopoly. This is the case with public utilities such as water, gas, electricity where these firms have economies of scale to prevent new firms from entering the market. Economies of scope is another barrier as firms who produce a range of products are likely to achieve lower average costs of production and undercut prices to drive new firms out of the market. Proctor Gamble enjoys economies of scope as it produces hundreds of products but could afford to hire expensive skilled workers and experts who can use their skills across the product line and therefore spread the costs and lower the average total cost for each product. (Alesina and Spolaore, 2005) Patents and licences are also considered main entry barriers. The US Patent and Trademark office issues patents for 20 years period, in accordance with the 1995 GATT agreement. (USPTO, 1995) These patents give an inventor the exclusive right to produce a product for a 20 years period such as the case of the pharmaceutical giant, Pfizer, which has a patent on Viagra until 2014. (Stevens, 2007) Likewise, licences are granted by governments which allow one or a few firms to operate in a specific market under government regulations and control. Product differentiation and brand loyalty where a firm produces a differentiated product and the consumer associates that product with the brand. An example of product differentiation would be the car industry, where different firms would produce substitutes but they are not considered as perfect substitutes as required in perfect competition, so each firm would have some form of monopoly power in its product category. This is clearly evident in the luxury sport cars market such as Ferrari, Porsche and Lotus. Other forms of entry barriers may include high start-up costs for new firms in comparison with an established monopoly firm which is likely to have gained enough experience and efficiency techniques to be able to reduce costs and hence prices for any potential new firms to be able to compete. Based on the characteristics of monopoly, it is important to evaluate its economic efficiency and therefore its effect on consumer surplus and social welfare in general. In the next section, we compare the economic efficiency of both extremes of the market structure. 3.0 Economic efficiency In economic terms, monopoly and perfect competition should be judged on the extent to which they contribute to improving the human wellbeing and social welfare, therefore, it is important to assess whether the market structure is efficient or inefficient. Nellis and Parker (2006) point out that the success or failure of firms is directly affected by the extent to which they are managed efficiently. The lower the cost per unit of output, without reducing the quality of the product, the higher the economic efficiency of a firm. This is evident in a competitive market where firms strive to be economically efficient in order to survive. However, this is not the case in a monopoly which is generally considered as an inefficient market structure. This can be clarified by the following analysis of various economic terms of efficiency. 3.1 Allocative efficiency Assuming an initial distribution of income and wealth, allocative efficiency occurs at the point when it is impossible to improve overall economic welfare by reallocating resources between markets. For the whole economy to be allocatively efficient, price must equal marginal cost in every market. However, it is unlikely that a monopoly seeking profit maximisation would be allocatively efficient. A monopoly tends to restrict output below the market equilibrium to force up the prices. PRC MC AC Welfare loss MR AR=Industry demand=MU Q2 Q1 Output Figure 1 Allocative inefficiency and welfare loss Figure 1 demonstrates how a monopoly is allocatively inefficient. While a perfectly competitive market would have an output Q1 where the price P is equal to both MC and MU based on demand curve so all units produced add more to welfare (MU) than the resources they cost to make (MC). A monopolist is in equilibrium with an output Q2 where MC=MR, which means some units that would have been benefited society are no longer produced and thus an overall welfare loss. 3.2 Productive efficiency This can only be achieved if a firm uses the available techniques and factors of production at the lowest possible cost per unit of output. Lipsey (1992) states that in the context of an industry, the interpretation of productive efficiency is that firms are operating so that costs are minimized. In monopoly, in contrast to perfect competition, there are no competitive forces that would make a firm hold costs down to a minimum. PRC MC AC C2 C1 MR AR Q2 Q1 Output Figure 2 Productive efficiency Figure 2 illustrates the productively efficient output Q1 which is the minimum point of the AC curve where unit cost is C1, where the least amount of scarce resources possible are being used per unit of output. However, a monopolist will produce the profit maximising output Q2 with higher costs C2 per unit which can be passed to the consumer, hence demonstrating productive inefficiency. X-efficiency The concept of x-efficiency requires that the lowest possible prices are paid for inputs or factors of production. However, there is less incentive for a monopoly to make full use of the available technology, mainly due to lack of competition. Monopolies are more likely to be technically and productively inefficient, incurring unnecessary production costs and wasted resources. A firm could be employing too many workers or investing in machines that are never used, deeming it technically inefficient. It could be paying its workers unnecessary high wages or buying capital or raw material at unnecessary high prices. This means that the monopolists LRAC is above that which would be technically possible, therefore resources are wasted. Costs LRAC monopoly LRAC possible = X-inefficiency Output Figure 3 X-efficiency gap The x-inefficiency gap, as shown in figure 3, is considered as unnecessary production costs that a firm can reduce. In a perfectly competitive market, a firm must eliminate any form of x-inefficiency in order to survive and make normal profits. However, this is not the case with monopoly, which are able to survive while incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. The evaluation of economic efficiency of a monopoly compared to perfect competition has highlighted a number of disadvantages to support economists case against monopolistic firms. 4.0 Disadvantages of Monopoly In general, a monopolistic market structure would produce less output and charge higher prices which leads to a decline in consumer surplus and a deadweight welfare loss. The higher prices would lead to allocative inefficiency and supernormal profits, leading to reduced benefits to consumers and unequal distribution of income. This also raises a question about equity. The higher prices would exploit low income consumers and their purchasing power might be transferred to shareholders in the form of dividends leading again to unequal distribution of income. A monopoly tends to be less motivated towards economic efficiency such as cutting costs or increasing productivity. There is also a possibility that a monopoly would experience diseconomies of scale as the higher it gets bigger, their average costs increase. Further more, the lack of competition could discourage a monopoly from investing in research and development, leading to lack of innovation and worse products. However, with all the evidence against monopoly, there are still the questions of why do monopolies still exist, why firms seek to be monopolies and why do governments seem to tolerate them? 5.0 Advantages of monopoly On economic terms, perfect competition is generally regarded as more desirable than monopoly. However, monopolies are not necessarily bad, considering they are as highly motivated and public-spirited as competitive industries. Economic theory assumes that everyone is motivated by self-interest; this applies to competitive markets as well as to monopolies. Firms in competitive markets would aspire to be a monopoly by eliminating competition but this is unlikely achieved due to market forces and the absence of barriers to entry and exit. The fact that monopolies make supernormal profits allows them to invest in research and development and allows them to fund high cost investment spending into new technology. This is likely to result, if successful, in improved products and lower costs on the long run. An innovative monopoly could therefore be considered dynamically efficient over a long term as it reaps the reward of investment in research and development. Microsoft did not start as a monopoly but the introduction of Windows version 3.0 in 1990 followed by various Microsoft Office applications provided the market power to become a monopoly. Its position as a monopoly was further cemented by the continuous investment in research and development. It is generally argued that monopoly in high technology sectors is good as it provides firms with a greater incentive to invest in research and development. Patents for new ideas are normally acceptable as it encourages firms to fund the initial research and development and it allows these firms to recoup their investment. Another advantage of monopoly is economies of scale. An increased output would lead to a decrease in average costs of production, which can be passed to consumers in the form of lower prices. Likewise, cutting prices would be an advantage for a monopoly as it would increase sales and maximise economies of scale. PRC S (Perf comp) =â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ C Ppc Pm LRMC (monopoly) D industry Qpc Qm MR (monopoly) Figure 4 Market equilibrium under monopoly Figure 4 shows the market equilibrium in perfect competition at output Qpc and supply = demand. A monopoly would generate economies of scale on the long run and drive down marginal costs to LRMC. A monopoly would therefore be able produce a profit maximising output Qm at a price Pm which is lower than perfect competition. Profits and consumer surplus are higher under monopoly and both consumer and producer would benefit. Kerr and Gaisford (2008) highlight the impact of international trade on domestic trade and the need for a domestic monopoly capable of generating the economies of scale required to compete in the international market. BT is a good example of domestic monopoly in the 1980s that had to invest in systems and technology to be able to compete in the international market. Also, the threat of international imports would force a domestic monopoly to set marginal revenue equal to marginal cost and reducing its prices, which is a boost to consumer surplus and social welfare. 6. 0 Conclusion Despite the fact that monopoly produces less output at higher prices and the negative implications on consumer surplus and social welfare, nevertheless, the existence of monopolies are inevitable as long as firms seek profit maximisation as well as increased market share and ultimately market dominance. In a free market economy, the chances of supernormal profits will eventually encourage other firms to attempt to break into a monopolistic market. The threat of competition or even a financial threat of a takeover will force a monopoly to become highly economic efficient. The American economist William Baumol argues in his theory of contestable markets that a monopoly may be forced over time to make the same production and pricing decisions as a competitive market would, merely due to the possibility of future competition. (Griffiths and Ison, 2001) From the above analysis, it is easy to conclude that perfect competition is productively more efficient than monopoly. However, if we take into account the substantial economies of scale that a monopoly would have, then it is more likely that a monopoly is more productively efficient than competition. In some cases, such as a natural monopoly, it is more acceptable to have just one firm as a monopoly provided that its price and productivity are regulated. Von Mises (1966) concludes that the mere existence of monopoly does not mean anything. The publisher of a copyright book is a monopolist, but he may not be able to sell a single copy, no matter how low the price he asks. Not every price at which a monopolist sells a monopolized commodity is a monop ­oly price. Monopoly prices are only prices at which it is more advantageous for the monopolist to restrict the total amount to be sold than to expand sales to the limit which a competitive market would allow. Although monopoly is not desirable as it restricts competition and causes a reduction in consumer surplus and social welfare, it is however inevitable in a real business market that a firm would often take advantage of its strong market position to control the supply of goods or services. Monopolies are not illegal but their abuse of market power to limit competition is illegal and therefore actions by governments to regulate the market would be required. Finally, all firms are concerned with determining the price level that would give them sufficient profit while maintaining the consumers attraction and demand. This should work in the benefit of consumers and the society if regulations are in place for governments to intervene when a firm abuses its monopoly power to the detriment of consumers.

Alex and the Amazing Time Machine ?

Thank goodness I made it back in one piece. I have my brother and the world is happy again. Especially since Carl and Little Davy have been sent to the beginning of time. First, I’d like to say that I have finally and successfully finished building my time machine but there’s a story behind that: Psycho gave me this booster for the time machine to finally get it running. When I got home, I was pretty excited because I was sure that it was going to work. Unfortunately, it didn’t work. I was so frustrated and fell asleep with Scout in my arms. That same night, forgot to turn off the machine.Sometime between that and waking up this morning, my dog Scout disappeared. I was really scared and nervous but I had to go to school. Later that day, my school had a field trip to the museum. In the museum, we saw these dioramas of early man and I kept seeing this dog that looked an awful lot like Scout. I realized it was Scout and at that point it hit me that she might have go tten into the machine while I was sleeping and went back in time and became known as a â€Å"thoropulis†. The explanation behind the â€Å"thoropulis† was that it seemed to have always been searching for something or someone.My guess is that she was trying to get home. As my class was learning more and more about this â€Å"thoropulis† it hit me that it could only mean that the time machine actually worked! I was so excited to get back home because this meant one thing: I could travel in time and save my brother! When my class and I got back to the bus from the museum, the same white van that Carl and Little Davy drive turned up at the museum. Todd and I became super nervous because there was only one explanation as to why they were there: they were after me!Todd quickly hatched up a plan to distract Carl and Little Davy. He had the class get out of the bus to shield me from view. From that point, I ran back home and rushed to my room to activate the time machin e. By accident in panic, I set it two years in the future instead of setting it to six weeks in the past. Once I was zapped to the future, I found myself in my bedroom except things looked a little different and looked A LOT nicer. When I stepped outside the house to walk around town, I came upon a banner that said â€Å"Dalton Trumble Appreciation Day† . Wait what?There’s a holiday for my dad? It turned out he wrote a famous book called, â€Å"Alex and the Amazing Time Machine†. I stole one of the copies of the book from the future and brought it back to the past that way my father could actually write it. After that little adventure, it was time to save my brother Steven. I set the machine six weeks back in the past. After being zapped, I found myself in my bedroom again but this time I felt that there was a sense of cheeriness in the air that I hadn’t felt since Steven was taken. While I was on my way to the camp, I had to make sure that I wasn’ t seen.The one place I could hide in was the trunk of my dad’s car. I hid there because this was the same day my family went to the camp retreat, which is where Steven was taken. It was such an uncomfortable ride being squished in the trunk. When the car stopped, I snuck out of the trunk when my family wasn’t looking and grabbed a sleeping bag before closing it quietly. I went to a shed to collect some supplies that might come in handy to camp out in the woods to collect some strength and rest for what might be a dangerous mission. The next morning, I caught my fish for breakfast and was ready to save my brother.My plan however didn’t really work out. I saw Steven had already been taken by Carl and was on my way to get him until Little Davy captured me. We were both put into the van and were asked a bunch of questions. Steven sat quietly but was clearly scared because he had no idea of what was going on. I ended up answering all of the questions but not entirely truthfully. Unfortunately, they could tell when I was lying and it looked like they were prepared for it too because each time that I lied, they forced me to eat a forkful of worms that they had collected.By the time I answered all of the questions, I had eaten almost half of the plate of worms. YUCK! Next thing I knew, Carl had me and Steven tied up to trees and he had a gun that shot people into a universe similar to ours except the universe he was going to shoot us to had no way of escaping. All of a sudden, Todd showed up with a metal baseball bat in hand. You could only imagine the shock I had when I saw him. Not to mention the relief! Todd went straight for Carl and knocked his knees out. At that exact moment the gun was fired and hit a set of leaves.After Carl was on the ground moaning, Todd went straight to Little Davy and hit him in the knees as well. Once he was on the ground moaning like a baby, Todd ran to us untied us from the tree. We quickly tied up Carl and Little D avy and I used my time machine to open a portal to the beginning of time and sent them there. I closed the portal immediately so there would be no escape. I looked at Steven and explained that I had enough love for the both of us. I told him this because he always felt unloved. He was really happy to hear this and I received a great, big hug from my brother, which was really nice.Afterwards, I told him to come up with a silly story to explain to our parents as to why he was missing. When he left, I thanked Todd for coming back and being there to help rescue my brother and me. It turned out that Todd found my time machine that I had left in the present in my room when I left to go to the past. A few weeks later, Todd went missing and I thought it was happening all over again! Next thing I knew, he materialized himself in my bedroom holding a dog. Guess who that dog was. Yep! It was Scout! I gave them both a really big hug and thanked Todd for rescuing my dog.

Improving roads Essay

If someone goes on a hill or a high place and has a look at what is going on, down on the vast area, he will see a lot of curved lines that are like snakes, creeping in each other and there are some tiny objects that are moving like thousands of insects. Living in modern cities needs more traveling during the day because people go to different work places. This is a good reason for having a liable transportation system that is able to transfer every body from one place to another one. Some people think that governments should pay attention to this matter and spend more money to build more roads and highways. They prefer fast cars and a good route to ride their vehicles because they have to work or shop and there is not enough time for all of them. I believe, governments should have a general view about transportation and it means that there are some other issues that must be considered at the same time. If we spend more money on public transportation system, a lot of people can use it and they don’t have to buy a car to pollute the environment and also we would not have so many car accidents that suffer a lot of families and are a waste of money, and time. These days, every one is aware of air pollution and a great deal of damage to the environment that are caused by fuels. If the number of private vehicles increases, we can not breathe well. There are different diseases in children who live in polluted cities. Nature is changing and some areas in the world have had â€Å"acid rain† that destroyed a lot of trees in forests. Have you thought what would happen to our planet if this situation continues We must improve public transportation system and make people use it and refuse riding private cars to help ourselves. When we read a newspaper or listen to the news on radio or at T.V., we notice how many car crashes happen in a day. A lot of people die or are damaged. Families are sad and every body thinks why all these should happen. If we encourage people to take public transportation, they would be safer and the amount of psychological and economical effect on the society would decrease. As a result, I think government should spend and even invest more money on public transportation to prevent more pollution in cities and let people  live in healthy condition. Also by improving public transportation we avoid more accidents and consequently decrease death toll.

Prison System Who Is Right - 2263 Words

Lakeisha Clayborne Professor Alexander Tolj ENG Comp 111 22 April 2016 Prison System: Who is Right? The Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica defines prison as an institution for the confinement of persons whom have been remanded into custody by a judicial authority, or who have been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a crime. There are several accepted reasons for the use of imprisonment, with the individual reasons able to include one or several of them: †¢ One approach aims to deter those who would otherwise commit crimes (general deterrence) and to make it less likely that those who serve a prison sentence will commit crimes after their release (individual deterrence). †¢ A second approach focuses on issuing punishment to, or obtaining retribution from, those who have committed serious crimes. †¢ A third approach encourages the personal reform of those who are sent to prison. †¢ Lastly, in some cases it is necessary to protect the public from those who commit crimes—particularly from those who do so persistently (Coyle). The modern prison system was established first in Europe, late in the eighteenth century. The concept of the prison as a penitentiary, a place of punishment and personal reform, was advocated in this period by the English jurist and philosopher Jeremy Bentham, among others (Coyle). 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